Central Asia has a complex and diverse geological structure. Central Asia includes countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Geologically, it is characterized by complex tectonic processes. The main geological units include: The Kazakh Shield: makes up the main part of Kazakhstan and consists of ancient Archean and Proterozoic rocks. Tien Shan: A mountain system that was formed as a result of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. Pamir-Alai: Mountainous areas in the eastern part of Central Asia, also the result of tectonic processes. Turkmen lowland: An area dominated by younger sedimentary rocks. There are large mountain systems in Central Asia, such as the Tien Shan, Pamir, Karatau and others. These mountains were formed as a result of plate collision and subsequent tectonic processes.

Central Asia is rich in resources such as oil, gas, coal, metals and rare minerals. For example, Kazakhstan has significant reserves of uranium, and Tajikistan has reserves of aluminum and rare metals. These geological and geomorphological features make Central Asia important for studying both from the point of view of geology and for assessing the natural resources of the region.